Solar panel | Solar panel serve as instruments that transform sunlight to electricity using photovoltaic cells. They are an green and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a apparatus that collects sunlight to produce heat, generally used for hot water production or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sunlight to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating, indoor heating, or power generation. It is a green and renewable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
England | The country of England is a historic nation in the United Kingdom known for its abundant cultural heritage, famous sights, and bustling cities like the capital. It boasts a mixed terrain of gentle slopes, old castles, and bustling urban centers that combine history with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
Sunlight | Sunlight is the environmental radiance emitted by the star, vital for life on Earth as it provides fuel for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by regulating our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a type of energy generated by the flow of electrically charged entities, primarily electrons. It fuels countless devices and systems, enabling today’s lifestyle and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a opposite electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
Direct current | Direct current is the unidirectional movement of electric charge, generally produced by batteries, power supplies, and solar cells. It provides a constant voltage or current, causing it crucial for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
Battery (electricity) | A cell is a unit that stores chemical energy and converts it into electrical energy to run various electronic gadgets. It comprises multiple galvanic cells, each housing anode and cathode separated by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes sustainable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a instrument that converts DC created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use and grid integration. It is vital for optimizing energy use and guaranteeing safe, dependable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes polarity regularly, usually used in domestic and industrial power supplies. It permits effective transmission of electricity over great lengths and is characterized by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that manages the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and damage. It guarantees optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a device used to ascertain the size, quantity, or intensity of something accurately. It includes tools like scales, climate gauges, and pressure gauges that provide accurate readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically adjusts the orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement throughout the day, maximizing energy absorption. This technology enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are massive plants that utilize sunlight to generate electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They provide a green and renewable energy power, cutting down reliance on carbon-based fuels and reducing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves placing photovoltaic cells on building rooftops to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps cut down on reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-integrated photovoltaic system changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with solar panels that absorb sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This energy is then beamed to Earth for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions store excess power generated from green sources or the power grid for future use, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These solutions typically utilize batteries to provide backup power, reduce energy expenses, and support grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar panels documents the advancement and advancements in solar energy technology from the early invention of the solar effect to contemporary high-performance solar arrays. It highlights major milestones, including the invention of the initial silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and continuous advances that have significantly improved energy transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French-born physicist by profession famous for his innovative work in the study of the solar effect and glow. His research laid the groundwork for understanding how radiation interacts with specific materials to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a UK electrician and scientist known for finding out the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the development of the photoconductive cell and progress in initial photography and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free platform used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a flexible tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an US inventor who invented the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His groundbreaking work set the basis for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
Coal-fired power plant | A coal-burning power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with finding the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work laid the foundation for modern photovoltaic technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous R&D organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in communications, computer science, and materials research. It has been the origin of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and number 14, famous for its key role in the manufacturing of electronics and solar modules. It is a solid, fragile crystalline substance with a steel-gray sheen, predominantly employed as a semi-conductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a little unit installed on each photovoltaic panel to transform direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This technology enhances system performance, enables enhanced system tracking, and boosts energy yield in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
Solar cell | A solar cell is a device that transforms sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is often used in photovoltaic systems to provide a sustainable and eco-friendly energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that offers eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
Photon | A photon is a elementary particle representing a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It plays a key role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the mechanism by which particular compounds turn sunlight directly into electricity through the production of charge carriers. This effect is the fundamental principle behind photovoltaic technology, allowing the capturing of solar energy for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electrical engineering is a slim slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the substrate for fabricating integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where microchips are built through processes like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic devices due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its structured, orderly crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a reduced expense. They use thin semiconductor layers only a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of building components and fixed equipment, while live loads are temporary forces such as people, furniture, and weather conditions. Both are essential considerations in building planning to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components sequentially, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components between the identical voltage source, permitting several paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
Electric power | Electrical energy is the speed at which electricity is conveyed by an electric circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. Created through multiple sources such as carbon-based fuels, atomic energy, and sustainable sources, and crucial for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
Watt | A watt is a standard of energy transfer rate in the International System of Units, indicating the rate of energy transfer or conversion. It is equal to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
Voltage | Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points, which causes the stream of electronic current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and represents the energy per unit charge accessible to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
Volt | A voltage is the derived unit of voltage, potential difference, and electromotive force in the metric system. It measures the potential energy per unit charge between locations in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
Electric current | Electrical current is the passage of electric charge through a conductor, usually measured in amps. It is necessary for energizing electronic equipment and facilitating the operation of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
Ampere | Ampere represents the standard of electrical current in the SI units, represented by A. It indicates the movement of electric charge through a conductor over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the amount of electrical power or current demanded by devices and Electrical load in a circuit. It determines the design and power of power systems to guarantee safe and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
Junction box | A junction box is an electrical housing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a secure and dependable manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
USB power | USB power provides a convenient and uniform method of delivering electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for powering and feeding a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
Power inverter | A energy inverter is a device that transforms direct current (DC) from inputs like accumulators or solar arrays into AC suitable for home devices. It allows the application of common electrical appliances in environments where only direct current electricity is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
Battery pack | An battery pack serves as an collection of multiple individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically align the orientation of photovoltaic panels to track the sun’s path throughout the 24 hours, enhancing solar energy capture. This innovation boosts the performance of photovoltaic energy harvesting by maintaining ideal panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to maximize the energy production of solar panel setups by continuously adjusting the performance point to correspond to the optimal power point of the solar cells. This process provides the best performance power harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually tailored enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a instrument that tracks and analyzes the effectiveness of solar power systems in instantaneous, providing important data on energy generation and system condition. It assists optimize solar power generation by detecting issues promptly and ensuring optimal efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are flexible, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a economical and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are commonly used in solar arrays to power homes, appliances, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of countless small silicon crystals, frequently used in solar modules and semiconductor manufacturing. Its manufacturing process involves melting and recrystallizing silicon to create a high-purity, polycrystalline type suitable for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a high-purity variant of silicon with a continuous crystal structure, making it very effective for use in solar cells and electronic devices. Its consistent structure allows for enhanced electron flow, resulting in superior efficiency compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics represent a kind of thin-film solar method that offers a affordable and effective alternative for extensive solar energy generation. They are their high absorption efficiency and moderately reduced manufacturing fees in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are flexible solar cells that utilize a multi-layered material of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium to transform sunlight into power effectively. They are known for their excellent light capturing effectiveness, bendability, and possibility for compact, economical solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a amorphous atomic configuration, making it easier to handle and easier to deposit than ordered silicon. It is commonly used in solar panels and electronic components due to its economic advantage and flexible features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and innovative techniques such as multi-junction stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, reducing costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-structured solar panels are innovative photovoltaic modules that employ multiple p-n junctions stacked together to collect a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, significantly increasing their efficiency. These are mainly used in space satellites and high-efficiency solar power installations due to their superior energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are vital components that generate sunlight into electricity to power onboard equipment. Generally lightweight, long-lasting, and built for efficient operation in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of several elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic component, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor known for its high electron mobility and effectiveness in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics use optics or mirrors to direct sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-band solar cells, greatly enhancing energy conversion efficiency. This technique is suitable for large-scale solar power plants in areas with sunny sunlight, offering a economical solution for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and flexible form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
CIGS solar cell | CIGS solar cell utilize a thin film of copper indium gallium selenide as the light-absorbing layer, known for high efficiency and adaptability. They offer a easy-to-handle, economical alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with great output in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a very thin layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in diverse technological fields. These coatings are vital in electronic devices, optical systems, and coatings for their particular physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a eco-friendly and economical energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
Thin film | A layer of material is a layer of compound spanning fractions of a nanometer to multiple micrometers in depth, often placed on surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in various industries, including electronics, light manipulation, and medical applications, to change surface traits or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement units the same as one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to illustrate extremely small distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
Micrometers | Calipers are precision gauges used to precisely measure small distances or widths, typically in manufacturing and manufacturing. They feature a scaled screw device that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a thin, disk-shaped section of silicon crystal used as the platform for fabricating semiconductor devices. It functions as the core material in the production of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are compact solar modules known for their excellent performance and flexibility, perfect for diverse applications. They employ a stratified layered semiconductor setup that turns sunlight directly into power with remarkable effectiveness in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a form of silicon used in photovoltaic panels, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is known for being affordable and having a moderately high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
Solar PV systems | Solar power setups convert sun rays directly into power using photovoltaic cells, supplying a sustainable energy source for household, business, and utility-scale applications. They provide a clean, long-lasting, and affordable way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that transforms sunlight into power using a light-reactive dye to capture light and create electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and adaptable alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanoscale semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the potential for cost-effective, bendable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that employ carbon-based compounds, to turn sun's energy into electric power. They are lightweight, pliable, and offer the potential for lower-cost, extensive solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous photovoltaic compound used in laminate solar panels due to its earth-abundant and non-toxic elements. Its favorable optoelectronic properties make it an attractive alternative for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of building materials, such as roof surfaces, building exteriors, and windows. This cutting-edge approach enhances energy performance while maintaining aesthetic appeal and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material with little distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency permits light to spread through, obscuring detailed visibility but yet still permitting shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
Window tinting | Window tinting involves the process of applying a thin film to the inside or outside of cars or structures panes to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It enhances privacy, enhances energy efficiency, and gives a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
List of photovoltaic power stations | A catalog of PV power stations information various large-scale solar energy plants around the globe, highlighting their capacities and sites. These stations function a vital role in sustainable energy production and international efforts to lower carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are large-scale systems that transform sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. They play a vital role in renewable energy generation, lessening dependence on fossil fuels, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of problems such as pollution, global warming, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote eco-friendly methods and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
Renewable energy | Sustainable power comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished, such as solar radiation, wind, and water. It offers a renewable solution to traditional fuels, reducing ecological footprint and supporting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, are finite resources formed over extensive periods and are consumed when used. They are the chief energy sources for power production and transportation but pose ecological and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
Electricity generation | Electrical energy creation involves converting various energy sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process usually takes place in electricity plants where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce electricity for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, poisonous elements such as lead, quicksilver, Cd, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance measures how well a solar cell transforms sunlight into usable electrical energy. Boosting this efficiency is crucial for increasing renewable energy output and cutting reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when light shining on a metal ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle-like behavior of light. This event provided key evidence for the development of quantum physics by showing that light energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves placing products to higher-than-normal stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and predict their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar energy systems has accelerated rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological advancements and reducing prices. This expansion is revolutionizing the world energy sector by raising the portion of sustainable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power installations built to generate electricity on a business scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover vast areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
Lens (optics) | A optical element is a clear instrument that bending light to focus or spread out rays, forming images. It is frequently used in equipment like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to control light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light interacts with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a coating applied to lens surfaces to cut down on glare and enhance light passage. It enhances the sharpness and brightness of optical devices by cutting down on stray reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitude levels counteract each other, resulting in a reduction or total eradication of the resultant wave. This occurrence usually happens when the waves are phase-shifted by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
Alternating Current | AC refers to an electric current that alternates direction, commonly employed in power supply systems. Its voltage varies in a sinusoidal pattern as time progresses, allowing cost-effective transfer over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
Microinverter | A small inverter is a small device used to transform DC from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for home applications. It boosts system performance by maximizing power output at the module level and eases installation and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
AC power | Alternating current power, or AC electrical energy, is electricity delivered through a network where the voltage and electric flow cyclically reverse polarity, enabling optimized transmission over extended ranges. It is frequently used in homes and factories to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
DC connector | A DC plug is a kind of electrical coupling used to supply DC energy from a energy source to an electronic device. It typically consists of a tube-shaped plug and socket that provide a reliable and consistent attachment for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Labs is a international security approval agency that tests and endorses products to ensure they meet specific protection requirements. It assists consumers and firms identify trustworthy and protected products through strict evaluation and examination processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
Series circuits | Series circuits are electrical networks in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current. In this setup, the constant current passes through all components, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where parts are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple routes for current flow. This configuration allows devices to operate independently, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
Diode | An diode is a electronic device that allows current to pass in a single way exclusively, functioning as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An automobile auxiliary power outlet is a port, typically 12-volt, intended to deliver electrical power for different devices and attachments within a automobile. It permits users to power electronic devices or operate small appliances when on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting hardware to computers, allowing information exchange and electric power. It backs a variety of peripherals such as keypads, pointer devices, external storage devices, and smartphones, with various generations offering increased speeds and upgraded performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into generated energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in increasing energy output and making solar power affordable and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It aims to advance innovations in solar power, wind, bioenergy, and other sustainable energy sources to support a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic waves, spanning from radio signals to gamma radiation, all possessing varied wavelengths and power. This spectrum is fundamental to a wide array of devices and the natural world, enabling communication, healthcare imaging, and understanding of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
Ultraviolet | UV light is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It has a important role in including vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin harm and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
Infrared | Infrared radiation is a form of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color scheme based on alterations of a individual hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and accord. This layout approach emphasizes minimalism and elegance by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per sq meter. It is a crucial parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the intensity of sunlight reaching a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
W/m2 | watts per square meter is a unit of measurement used to measure the strength of energy or energy flow received or emitted over a specific surface, commonly in areas such as meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in understanding the dispersion and transfer of radiation across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of diverse tones or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or alternatively. It is often used to illustrate the spread of light or signal bandwidths in various scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
Airmass | An airmass is a big mass of air's with comparatively even temperature and dampness characteristics, deriving from from particular starting areas. These air masses influence climate trends and air conditions as they pass through various zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the quantification of the intensity per square kilometer received from the Sun in the type of electromagnetic radiation. It fluctuates with solar cycles and Earth's weather systems, affecting climate and local weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar power refers to the buildup of dust, and foreign matter on the panels of photovoltaic modules, which decreases their efficiency. Regular cleaning and maintenance are important to minimize energy decrease and maintain best efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when there is no current, measured across its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the peak electrical current that passes through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, skipping the normal load. It presents a significant safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a measure of the maximum power generation of a solar panel under ideal sunlight conditions. It indicates the array's peak potential to generate electricity in conventional testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electronic device used to check the potential difference between two locations in a circuit. It is widely employed in various electrical and electronic applications to maintain proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in solar modules where increased voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power output and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion movement within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
Boron | Boron serves as a semi-metal element essential for plant growth and applied in multiple industrial applications, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It has special chemical traits that make it valuable in manufacturing robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring perfect tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a stable and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
Solar power plant | A solar power plant captures sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic modules to generate renewable electricity. It provides an green energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated practice of using land for both solar power production and farming, maximizing space and resources. This strategy improves crop production while simultaneously generating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar panels able to absorb sunlight using both surfaces, enhancing overall energy output. They are commonly positioned in a way that allows for increased efficiency by taking advantage of albedo mirroring and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a structure that provides shelter while producing electricity through built-in solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to combine environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
Solar array | A solar panel system is a collection of multiple solar modules arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in renewable energy systems to generate renewable, eco-friendly power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a construction that provides shade and cover from the elements for outdoor living spaces. It enhances the functionality and look of a patio, making it a pleasant zone for leisure and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the angle between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a heavenly body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of objects in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference direction, usually true north, to the line linking an observer to a destination. It is commonly used in navigation, mapping, and astrophysics to define the orientation of an target in relation to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic substance extensively utilized in thin-film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It demonstrates outstanding optical characteristics, making it a popular option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
List of photovoltaics companies | A catalog of photovoltaics companies highlights the top manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies play a crucial role in advancing solar energy adoption and advancement across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a unit of energy output equal to 1,000,000,000 watt, used to measure big electricity generation and consumption. It is typically associated with power plants, national grids, and significant power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
First Solar | First Solar is a global leader in solar PV power solutions, specializing in producing thin film solar modules that offer excellent efficiency and economical power output. The organization is focused on green energy development and reducing the global dependence on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in effortlessly linking various elements of manufacturing and automated systems to enhance performance and trustworthiness. It concentrates on building cutting-edge solutions that promote seamless communication and interoperability among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a top Chinese-based firm expert in producing and developing solar-powered photovoltaic goods and services. Famous for cutting-edge technology and eco-friendly energy programs within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often used to describe the potential of massively scaled electricity production or usage. It emphasizes the vast energy scale involved in contemporary energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the cost per unit of production drops as total output rises, due to learning curve and efficiencies obtained over time. This phenomenon highlights the importance of learned skills in reducing costs and boosting output in production and other operations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
Photovoltaics | Solar energy transform sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This technology is a clean, renewable energy source that assists lessen reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the price of producing solar or wind energy is equivalent to or less than the expense of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity signifies that green energy sources are financially competitive with conventional fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the standard electrical power supplied to houses and companies through a system of power lines, providing a reliable source of energy for numerous appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the country, and is delivered through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all parts of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, comprising inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is crucial for ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
Solar energy | Solar energy is absorbed from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to convert electricity or through solar thermal systems to generate heat. It is a renewable, sustainable, and eco-conscious source of power that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in residential, corporate, and industrial sites to generate clean, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, providing green energy solutions where conventional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar-powered products features a variety of devices that capture sunlight to convert energy, supporting eco-friendly and sustainable living. These products include ranging from solar chargers and lights to appliances and outdoor equipment, providing multi-purpose alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a plant that converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a green energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with additional energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses or reflectors to focus sunlight onto highly efficient solar cells, significantly enhancing power output from less space. This approach is particularly effective in areas with intense, direct sunlight and provides an innovative way to reducing expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |