| Solar panel | Solar panel serve as devices that change sunlight into using solar cells. They serve as an green and alternative energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a device that captures sunlight to produce heat, typically used for water heating or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on conventional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses solar radiation to generate warmth, which can be used for hot water production, indoor heating, or electricity production. It is a renewable and eco-friendly technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a scenic seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a delightful blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic nation in the UK known for its wealthy cultural heritage, notable attractions, and lively cities like the capital. It boasts a mixed scenery of rolling hills, ancient castles, and busy metropolitan areas that combine tradition with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Sunlight is the organic radiance emitted by the sun, essential for living organisms on Earth as it supplies energy for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a form of power generated by the flow of ions, primarily negatively charged particles. It drives innumerable appliances and systems, facilitating modern life and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are fundamental particles with a negative electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | Direct current is the unidirectional stream of electric charge, generally produced by battteries, electrical sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a consistent voltage or current, rendering it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a unit that stores chemical energy and transforms it into electrical energy to operate various electronic devices. It comprises several galvanic units, each containing positive and negative electrodes divided by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts sunlight immediately into power using solar panels composed of solar cells. It is an green energy option that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and promotes renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar power converter is a device that converts direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for domestic use and grid connection. It is vital for maximizing energy efficiency and providing safe, reliable energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips direction regularly, typically used in home and industrial power supplies. It permits efficient transmission of electricity over great lengths and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that regulates the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and damage. It guarantees efficient energy transfer and prolongs the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a tool used to measure the extent, amount, or intensity of something accurately. It includes instruments like scales, thermometers, and manometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a system that instantaneously the orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement throughout the day, increasing energy absorption. This system improves the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are large-scale facilities that utilize sunlight to produce electricity using many solar panels. They offer a sustainable and sustainable energy source, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves installing photovoltaic panels on roofs of buildings to create electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps cut down on reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-connected solar power system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar power satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with solar arrays that collect sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This power is then beamed to Earth for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home power storage systems save excess electricity generated from green sources or the grid for later use, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and efficiency. These solutions typically utilize batteries to provide backup energy, cut down energy costs, and assist grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The timeline of photovoltaic cells documents the progress and improvements in solar energy technology from the initial invention of the photovoltaic effect to current advanced solar panels. It showcases key milestones, including the development of the first silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and persistent advances that have substantially improved energy transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French scientist noted for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photoelectric effect and luminescent phenomena. His tests laid the groundwork for understanding how radiation interacts with particular materials to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a UK electrician and researcher known for discovering the photo-conductive property of selenium in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the creation of the photoconductive cell and advancements in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an free framework used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an American creator who developed the initial working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work set the foundation for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-powered power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce steam that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work paved the way for modern solar power technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a renowned research and development entity historically associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the source of many groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, widely known for its essential role in the fabrication of electronic components and solar modules. It is a hard, brittle crystalline material with a bluish-gray metallic luster, predominantly employed as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a small unit installed on each solar panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This approach enhances system efficiency, enables improved performance monitoring, and increases energy yield in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a device that converts sunlight straight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is often used in photovoltaic systems to supply a green and sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that provides renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon acts as a fundamental particle that represents a quantum of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum without possessing rest mass. It serves a important role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the phenomenon by which specific substances turn sunlight straight into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This event is the fundamental concept behind photovoltaic technology, facilitating the utilization of solar solar power for energy creation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a slim slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the substrate for manufacturing integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where integrated circuits are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic systems due to its outstanding semiconductor properties. Its structured, orderly crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar power system characterized by their light, bendable structure, and ability to be fabricated over extensive surfaces at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of construction parts and fixed equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as users, fixtures, and environmental factors. Both are critical considerations in building planning to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components in a line, so the identical current flows through all devices, while parallel circuits join components between the same voltage source, permitting several paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy represents the speed at which electrical energy is conveyed by an electrical network, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Produced through multiple sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and sustainable sources, and crucial for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a standard of energy transfer rate in the SI system, showing the speed of energy transfer or transformation. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points, which drives the flow of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and represents the work per unit charge accessible to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the base unit of voltage, potential difference, and EMF in the International System of Units. It measures the potential energy per charge unit between two points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the passage of electric charge through a conductor wire, typically measured in amperes. It is crucial for powering electronic equipment and enabling the functioning of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere serves as the standard of electric flow in the International System of Units, symbolized as A. It indicates the flow of electrical charge through a conductor over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the amount of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It determines the design and power of power systems to ensure secure and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction enclosure is an electrical casing used to safely house wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures organized and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 plug is a conventional photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power offers a convenient and standardized method of supplying electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is frequently used for charging and energizing a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a device that transforms direct current (DC) from inputs like accumulators or solar panels into AC suitable for home devices. It permits the use of regular electrical equipment in environments where only DC energy is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack functions as an collection of several individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically align the angle of solar modules to track the solar trajectory throughout the day, maximizing power intake. This system improves the efficiency of solar power gathering by ensuring optimal panel orientation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used to optimize the power generation of photovoltaic systems by constantly tuning the working point to match the peak power point of the solar cells. This process provides the most efficient energy harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually tailored enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a tool that monitors and examines the effectiveness of solar panel systems in instantaneous, offering useful data on power output and system condition. It aids enhance solar power output by identifying faults ahead of time and ensuring highest efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are lightweight, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and multi-functional alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Solar cells convert sun rays directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are commonly used in photovoltaic modules to generate electricity for homes, devices, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of many minute silicon crystal structures, frequently used in solar modules and semiconductor manufacturing. Its creation involves liquefying and restructuring silicon to generate a pure, polycrystalline structure suitable for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Single-crystal silicon is a ultra-pure type of silicon with a single crystal framework, making it extremely capable for use in solar panels and electronic components. Its uniform structure allows for better electron flow, resulting in higher efficiency compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics represent a category of thin film solar system that presents a affordable and efficient alternative for massive solar energy generation. They are recognized for their high absorption capability and comparatively reduced manufacturing expenses compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic devices are thin-film photovoltaic devices that use a composite compound of Cu, indium, Ga, and Se to turn sunlight into energy efficiently. They are known for their high light capturing performance, bendability, and capability for lightweight, cost-effective solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a amorphous atomic arrangement, making it more flexible and more straightforward to layer than structured silicon. It is frequently used in solar panels and electronic devices due to its cost-effectiveness and flexible features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and new techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on maximizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and broadening applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar cells are innovative photovoltaic modules that employ various p-n junctions stacked together to absorb a more extensive range of the solar spectrum, greatly increasing their efficiency. These are primarily applied in space missions and high-performance solar power systems due to their outstanding energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are vital components that transform sunlight into electrical energy to supply onboard systems. Usually lightweight, durable, and built for efficient operation in the extreme space conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of several elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic component, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency switching devices compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor known for its excellent electron mobility and performance in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics utilize lenses or reflectors to focus sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-band solar cells, greatly enhancing energy transformation efficiency. This technique is perfect for large capacity solar power plants in zones with clear sunlight, offering a affordable option for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and bendable form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a delicate coating of CIGS compound as the photovoltaic material, known for high efficiency and flexibility. They offer a easy-to-handle, economical alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with excellent performance in various environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a slender layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in multiple technological fields. These films are vital in electronic devices, optical systems, and coverings for their distinctive physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a eco-friendly and affordable energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a stratum of compound covering fractions of a nanometer to a few microns in thickness, often placed on surfaces for functional applications. These layers are used in diverse fields, including electronics, optics, and medical applications, to change surface traits or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are measurement units the same as one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to describe very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision devices used to accurately measure minute thicknesses or widths, generally in machining and manufacturing. They feature a adjusted screw mechanism that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a slender, ring-shaped slice of silicon crystal used as the foundation for fabricating semiconductor devices. It acts as the primary material in the production of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are thin-film solar modules recognized for their excellent performance and adaptability, perfect for multiple fields. They use a stratified semiconductor architecture that turns sunlight directly into power with excellent efficiency in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is known for being affordable and having a relatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sun rays directly into electricity using solar panels, offering a green energy source for home, commercial, and large-scale applications. They provide a environmentally friendly, renewable, and economical way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decrease carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that turns sunlight into electricity using a photosensitive dye to absorb light and generate electron flow. It offers a affordable and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for clear and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the potential for lower-cost, flexible, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are photoelectric devices that utilize organic materials, to turn sun's energy into electrical power. They are easy to handle, flexible, and offer the potential for cost-effective, extensive solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Cu) Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential semiconductor material used in layer solar modules due to its abundant and non-toxic elements. Its superior optoelectronic properties make it an appealing option for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of building materials, such as rooftops, facades, and fenestration. This innovative approach enhances energy performance while maintaining aesthetic appeal and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material with little distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency allows light to diffuse through, obscuring detailed visibility but still allowing shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves placing a thin film to the inside or outside of cars or structures panes to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It boosts privacy, increases energy efficiency, and adds a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of photovoltaic power stations overview various extensive solar energy plants around the world, showcasing their capacities and positions. These plants play a vital role in sustainable energy generation and worldwide efforts to cut carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are massive installations that turn sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They are crucial in sustainable power creation, cutting dependence on non-renewable energy sources, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of challenges such as pollution, climate change, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote eco-friendly methods and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are renewably replenished, such as solar radiation, air currents, and hydroelectric power. It offers a eco-friendly solution to fossil fuels, reducing ecological footprint and supporting lasting energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as bituminous coal, oil, and methane, are finite resources formed over extensive periods and are consumed when used. They are the primary power sources for electrical energy and vehicle operation but pose ecological and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable resources into electricity. This process usually takes place in electricity plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce power for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, harmful elements such as plumbum, Hg, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar panel effectiveness indicates how effectively a solar cell transforms sunlight into usable electrical electricity. Boosting this Solar-cell efficiency is key for optimizing renewable energy production and reducing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metal ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This occurrence provided significant indication for the development of quantum theory by showing that light energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves exposing products to elevated stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of solar panels has sped up rapidly over the past decade, driven by innovations and reducing prices. This expansion is transforming the world energy sector by boosting the percentage of renewable solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power facilities designed to generate electricity on a business scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover large areas and utilize solar panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a see-through component that bending light to focus or spread out rays, producing images. It is frequently used in instruments like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the measure between an approaching light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to vision surfaces to minimize reflections and improve light transmission. It boosts the clarity and illumination of screens by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitude levels counteract each other, leading to a decrease or total eradication of the resultant wave. This occurrence typically happens when the waveforms are phase-shifted by half a cycle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC refers to an electric current that periodically reverses, commonly employed in power supply systems. The electrical potential changes sinusoidally as time progresses, permitting efficient transmission over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a compact device used to transform direct current (DC) from a individual solar module into AC suitable for household use. It enhances system efficiency by maximizing energy production at the panel level and eases installation and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or alternating current power, is electrical power delivered through a network where the voltage and electric flow cyclically reverse orientation, enabling efficient transmission over extended ranges. It is frequently used in households and commercial sectors to operate multiple appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a category of electrical plug used to supply DC energy from a power source to an electronic equipment. It generally consists of a tube-shaped plug and socket that guarantee a firm and trustworthy connection for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a worldwide protection validation body that evaluates and certifies products to guarantee they comply with particular security standards. It supports consumers and businesses recognize dependable and secure products through thorough evaluation and examination processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this setup, the constant electric current passes through all components, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel circuits are electronic circuits where parts are connected between the same voltage source, giving multiple routes for current flow. This configuration allows components to operate autonomously, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to move in a single direction exclusively, serving as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12V, designed to deliver electrical power for multiple devices and accessories inside of a vehicle. It enables users to power electronic electronics or run small devices while on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting peripheral devices to computing systems, allowing data transmission and power delivery. It supports a variety of peripherals such as input devices, pointer devices, external storage, and smartphones, with various versions providing higher speeds and enhanced features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into generated energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in optimizing energy generation and making solar power affordable and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy conservation technologies. It aims to advance innovations in solar power, wind power, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses the entire range of EM radiation, spanning from wireless signals to gamma radiation, featuring different wavelengths and energies. This spectrum is fundamental to a wide array of devices and natural events, enabling communication, diagnostic imaging, and understanding of the cosmos. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a form of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the sun. It plays a crucial role in including vitamin D production but can also result in skin injury and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color design based on variations of a individual hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create balance and accord. This layout approach emphasizes minimalism and sophistication by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the strength of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, usually measured in watts/m². It is a crucial parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the intensity of sunlight hitting a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a standard unit used to measure the intensity of radiation or power received or emitted over a defined surface, frequently in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in understanding the spread and conveyance of radiation across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of diverse tones or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, visible or otherwise. It is often used to depict the dispersion of light or signal frequencies in different scientific and technological fields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a substantial body of air's with comparatively even thermal and moisture properties, originating from certain starting regions. These airmass influence weather systems and atmospheric states as they move across diverse zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the measure of the energy per square kilometer received from the solar source in the manner of electromagnetic radiation. It fluctuates with solar activity and atmospheric factors on Earth, affecting weather patterns and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in photovoltaic systems refers to the accumulation of dirt, and other particles on the surface of solar panels, which decreases their performance. Consistent upkeep and care are necessary to limit energy decrease and guarantee best operation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when no current is flowing, measured across its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is unplugged from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the peak electrical current that passes through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, takes place, going around the normal load. It poses a considerable safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the highest power capacity of a solar module under ideal sunlight conditions. It indicates the array's peak capacity to create electricity in conventional testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electrical instrument used to measure the potential difference between two locations in a electrical system. It is commonly used in various electrical and electronic applications to verify proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a problem in solar modules where increased voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage current and ion transfer within the solar cell materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a metalloid chemical element crucial for plant growth and applied in various industrial applications, such as glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It has distinctive chemical traits that render it useful in creating durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a stable and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar power plant captures sunlight using large arrays of photovoltaic solar panels to produce renewable electricity. It supplies an green energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated approach of employing land for both solar power production and agriculture, making the most of space and resources. This method improves crop production while concurrently creating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are photovoltaic devices capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, enhancing overall energy production. They are commonly positioned in a way that allows for increased efficiency by taking advantage of albedo mirroring and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a framework that provides shade while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a assembly of numerous solar panels designed to generate electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in green energy setups to produce clean, renewable power for different applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a structure that provides shade and shelter from the conditions for exterior areas. It boosts the usability and visual charm of a patio, making it a pleasant zone for relaxation and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the upright line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of objects in the sky relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference direction, typically true north, to the line connecting an observer to a point of interest. It is frequently used in routing, mapping, and astrophysics to indicate the bearing of an object with respect to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to rough climate and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic substance widely used in thin-film solar panels due to its superior efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It demonstrates outstanding optical features, making it a preferred choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A list of photovoltaics companies highlights the major manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are essential in driving solar energy implementation and innovation across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a quantity of electricity equal to 1,000,000,000 W, used to quantify big electricity production and usage. It is typically associated with electricity stations, power grids, and significant energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a global leader in photovoltaic (PV) energy solutions, focused on making thin film-based solar panels that provide excellent efficiency and affordable energy production. The organization is focused on eco-friendly energy development and decreasing the world dependency on fossil fuels through innovative solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in effortlessly linking various parts of manufacturing and automation systems to improve performance and reliability. It aims on developing cutting-edge solutions that facilitate seamless communication and compatibility among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is an prominent China's company focused on the manufacturing and development of photovoltaic solar goods and services. Famous for its advanced technology and green energy projects in the the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion watts, often used to indicate the potential of large-scale power production or usage. It underscores the vast power extent involved in contemporary energy framework and tech. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the concept where the cost per unit of production reduces as cumulative output grows, due to learning and optimization achieved over time. This concept highlights the importance of accumulated experience in cutting expenses and boosting output in industrial processes and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy convert sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This system is a environmentally friendly, sustainable energy source that helps lessen reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of producing solar or wind energy becomes the same as or less than the expense of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity indicates that renewable energy technologies are economically competitive with fossil fuel-based coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the main electrical power supplied to homes and enterprises through a system of power lines, delivering a reliable source of energy for various appliances. It generally operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the region, and is supplied through AC power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all elements of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is essential for ensuring the efficient and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is absorbed from the sun's rays using photovoltaic panels to produce electricity or through solar thermal systems to produce heat. It represents a renewable, eco-friendly, and planet-friendly energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in residential, business, and industrial environments to generate green, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, delivering sustainable energy solutions where standard power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of solar energy products features a selection of devices that harness sunlight to produce energy, encouraging eco-friendly and eco-conscious living. These solutions include ranging from solar energy units and lights to appliances and outdoor equipment, delivering versatile options for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar energy facility is a facility that generates sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels. It is a green energy source that supports lowering reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems merge solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by balancing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics use lenses or reflectors focusing solar radiation onto advanced solar cells, significantly enhancing power output using less space. This technology is particularly effective in areas with bright, direct sunlight plus, it offers a viable solution to lowering solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
